Rollup merge of #134525 - adetaylor:unstable-book-changes, r=wesleywiser

Arbitrary self types v2: unstable doc updates.

Document these two feature flags.

Part of #44874 .

src/doc/unstable-book/src/language-features/arbitrary-self-types-pointers.md

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+# `arbitrary_self_types_pointers`
+
+The tracking issue for this feature is: [#44874]
+
+[#38788]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/44874
+
+------------------------
+
+This extends the [arbitrary self types] feature to allow methods to
+receive `self` by pointer. For example:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(arbitrary_self_types_pointers)]
+
+struct A;
+
+impl A {
+    fn m(self: *const Self) {}
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let a = A;
+    let a_ptr: *const A = &a as *const A;
+    a_ptr.m();
+}
+```
+
+In general this is not advised: it's thought to be better practice to wrap
+raw pointers in a newtype wrapper which implements the `core::ops::Receiver`
+trait, then you need "only" the `arbitrary_self_types` feature. For example:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(arbitrary_self_types)]
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+struct A;
+
+impl A {
+    fn m(self: Wrapper<Self>) {} // can extract the pointer and do
+        // what it needs
+}
+
+struct Wrapper<T>(*const T);
+
+impl<T> core::ops::Receiver for Wrapper<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let a = A;
+    let a_ptr: *const A = &a as *const A;
+    let a_wrapper = Wrapper(a_ptr);
+    a_wrapper.m();
+}
+```
+
+[arbitrary self types]: arbitrary-self-types.md

src/doc/unstable-book/src/language-features/arbitrary-self-types.md

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+# `arbitrary_self_types`
+
+The tracking issue for this feature is: [#44874]
+
+[#38788]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/44874
+
+------------------------
+
+Allows any type implementing `core::ops::Receiver<Target=T>` to be used as the type
+of `self` in a method belonging to `T`.
+
+For example,
+
+```rust
+#![feature(arbitrary_self_types)]
+
+struct A;
+
+impl A {
+    fn f(self: SmartPtr<Self>) -> i32 { 1 }  // note self type
+}
+
+struct SmartPtr<T>(T);
+
+impl<T> core::ops::Receiver for SmartPtr<T> {
+    type Target = T;
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let smart_ptr = SmartPtr(A);
+    assert_eq!(smart_ptr.f(), 1);
+}
+```
+
+The `Receiver` trait has a blanket implementation for all `T: Deref`, so in fact
+things like this work too:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(arbitrary_self_types)]
+
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+struct A;
+
+impl A {
+    fn f(self: Rc<Self>) -> i32 { 1 } // Rc implements Deref
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let smart_ptr = Rc::new(A);
+    assert_eq!(smart_ptr.f(), 1);
+}
+```
+
+Interestingly, that works even without the `arbitrary_self_types` feature
+- but that's because certain types are _effectively_ hard coded, including
+`Rc`. ("Hard coding" isn't quite true; they use a lang-item called
+`LegacyReceiver` to denote their special-ness in this way). With the
+`arbitrary_self_types` feature, their special-ness goes away, and custom
+smart pointers can achieve the same.
+
+## Changes to method lookup
+
+Method lookup previously used to work by stepping through the `Deref`
+chain then using the resulting list of steps in two different ways:
+
+* To identify types that might contribute methods via their `impl`
+  blocks (inherent methods) or via traits
+* To identify the types that the method receiver (`a` in the above
+  examples) can be converted to.
+
+With this feature, these lists are created by instead stepping through
+the `Receiver` chain. However, a note is kept about whether the type
+can be reached also via the `Deref` chain.
+
+The full chain (via `Receiver` hops) is used for the first purpose
+(identifying relevant `impl` blocks and traits); whereas the shorter
+list (reachable via `Deref`) is used for the second purpose. That's
+because, to convert the method target (`a` in `a.b()`) to the self
+type, Rust may need to be able to use `Deref::deref`. Type conversions,
+then, can only proceed as far as the end of the `Deref` chain whereas
+the longer `Receiver` chain can be used to explore more places where
+useful methods might reside.
+
+## Types suitable for use as smart pointers
+
+This feature allows the creation of customised smart pointers - for example
+your own equivalent to `Rc` or `Box` with whatever capabilities you like.
+Those smart pointers can either implement `Deref` (if it's safe to
+create a reference to the referent) or `Receiver` (if it isn't).
+
+Either way, smart pointer types should mostly _avoid having methods_.
+Calling methods on a smart pointer leads to ambiguity about whether you're
+aiming for a method on the pointer, or on the referent.
+
+Best practice is therefore to put smart pointer functionality into
+associated functions instead - that's what's done in all the smart pointer
+types within Rust's standard library which implement `Receiver`.
+
+If you choose to add any methods to your smart pointer type, your users
+may run into errors from deshadowing, as described in the next section.
+
+## Avoiding shadowing
+
+With or without this feature, Rust emits an error if it finds two method
+candidates, like this:
+
+```rust,compile_fail
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::pin::pin;
+
+struct A;
+
+impl A {
+    fn get_ref(self: Pin<&A>) {}
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let pinned_a: Pin<&A> = pin!(A).as_ref();
+    let pinned_a: Pin<&A> = pinned_a.as_ref();
+    pinned_a.get_ref(); // error[E0034]: multiple applicable items in scope
+}
+```
+
+(this is why Rust's smart pointers are mostly carefully designed to avoid
+having methods at all, and shouldn't add new methods in future.)
+
+With `arbitrary_self_types`, we take care to spot some other kinds of
+conflict:
+
+```rust,compile_fail
+#![feature(arbitrary_self_types)]
+
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::pin::pin;
+
+struct A;
+
+impl A {
+    fn get_ref(self: &Pin<&A>) {}  // note &Pin
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let pinned_a: Pin<&mut A> = pin!(A);
+    let pinned_a: Pin<&A> = pinned_a.as_ref();
+    pinned_a.get_ref();
+}
+```
+
+This is to guard against the case where an inner (referent) type has a
+method of a given name, taking the smart pointer by reference, and then
+the smart pointer implementer adds a similar method taking self by value.
+As noted in the previous section, the safe option is simply
+not to add methods to smart pointers, and then these errors can't occur.