Add std::process

Per [RFC 579](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/579), this commit
adds a new `std::process` module. This module is largely based on the
existing `std::old_io::process` module, but refactors the API to use
`OsStr` and other new standards set out by IO reform.

The existing module is not yet deprecated, to allow for the new API to
get a bit of testing before a mass migration to it.

src/libstd/sys/common/wtf8.rs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ use core::char::{encode_utf8_raw, encode_utf16_raw};
 use core::str::{char_range_at_raw, next_code_point};
 use core::raw::Slice as RawSlice;
 
+use ascii::*;
 use borrow::Cow;
 use cmp;
 use fmt;
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ use ops;
 use slice;
 use str;
 use string::{String, CowString};
+use sys_common::AsInner;
 use unicode::str::{Utf16Item, utf16_items};
 use vec::Vec;
 
@@ -384,6 +386,10 @@ pub struct Wtf8 {
     bytes: [u8]
 }
 
+impl AsInner<[u8]> for Wtf8 {
+    fn as_inner(&self) -> &[u8] { &self.bytes }
+}
+
 // FIXME: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/18805
 impl PartialEq for Wtf8 {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Wtf8) -> bool { self.bytes.eq(&other.bytes) }
@@ -811,6 +817,21 @@ impl<'a, S: Writer + Hasher> Hash<S> for Wtf8 {
     }
 }
 
+impl AsciiExt<Wtf8Buf> for Wtf8 {
+    fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
+        self.bytes.is_ascii()
+    }
+    fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        Wtf8Buf { bytes: self.bytes.to_ascii_uppercase() }
+    }
+    fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        Wtf8Buf { bytes: self.bytes.to_ascii_lowercase() }
+    }
+    fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &Wtf8) -> bool {
+        self.bytes.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&other.bytes)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use prelude::v1::*;

src/libstd/sys/unix/ext.rs

@@ -31,14 +31,17 @@
 
 #![unstable(feature = "std_misc")]
 
-use ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use prelude::v1::*;
+
+use ffi::{CString, OsStr, OsString};
 use fs::{self, Permissions, OpenOptions};
 use net;
-use libc;
 use mem;
+use process;
+use sys;
 use sys::os_str::Buf;
 use sys_common::{AsInner, AsInnerMut, IntoInner, FromInner};
-use vec::Vec;
+use libc::{self, gid_t, uid_t};
 
 use old_io;
 
@@ -121,7 +124,11 @@ impl AsRawFd for net::UdpSocket {
     fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> Fd { *self.as_inner().socket().as_inner() }
 }
 
-// Unix-specific extensions to `OsString`.
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// OsString and OsStr
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+/// Unix-specific extensions to `OsString`.
 pub trait OsStringExt {
     /// Create an `OsString` from a byte vector.
     fn from_vec(vec: Vec<u8>) -> Self;
@@ -140,19 +147,28 @@ impl OsStringExt for OsString {
     }
 }
 
-// Unix-specific extensions to `OsStr`.
+/// Unix-specific extensions to `OsStr`.
 pub trait OsStrExt {
-    fn from_byte_slice(slice: &[u8]) -> &OsStr;
-    fn as_byte_slice(&self) -> &[u8];
+    fn from_bytes(slice: &[u8]) -> &OsStr;
+
+    /// Get the underlying byte view of the `OsStr` slice.
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8];
+
+    /// Convert the `OsStr` slice into a `CString`.
+    fn to_cstring(&self) -> CString;
 }
 
 impl OsStrExt for OsStr {
-    fn from_byte_slice(slice: &[u8]) -> &OsStr {
+    fn from_bytes(slice: &[u8]) -> &OsStr {
         unsafe { mem::transmute(slice) }
     }
-    fn as_byte_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
         &self.as_inner().inner
     }
+
+    fn to_cstring(&self) -> CString {
+        CString::from_slice(self.as_bytes())
+    }
 }
 
 // Unix-specific extensions to `Permissions`
@@ -181,10 +197,57 @@ impl OpenOptionsExt for OpenOptions {
     }
 }
 
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Process and Command
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+/// Unix-specific extensions to the `std::process::Command` builder
+pub trait CommandExt {
+    /// Sets the child process's user id. This translates to a
+    /// `setuid` call in the child process. Failure in the `setuid`
+    /// call will cause the spawn to fail.
+    fn uid(&mut self, id: uid_t) -> &mut process::Command;
+
+    /// Similar to `uid`, but sets the group id of the child process. This has
+    /// the same semantics as the `uid` field.
+    fn gid(&mut self, id: gid_t) -> &mut process::Command;
+}
+
+impl CommandExt for process::Command {
+    fn uid(&mut self, id: uid_t) -> &mut process::Command {
+        self.as_inner_mut().uid = Some(id);
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn gid(&mut self, id: gid_t) -> &mut process::Command {
+        self.as_inner_mut().gid = Some(id);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Unix-specific extensions to `std::process::ExitStatus`
+pub trait ExitStatusExt {
+    /// If the process was terminated by a signal, returns that signal.
+    fn signal(&self) -> Option<i32>;
+}
+
+impl ExitStatusExt for process::ExitStatus {
+    fn signal(&self) -> Option<i32> {
+        match *self.as_inner() {
+            sys::process2::ExitStatus::Signal(s) => Some(s),
+            _ => None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Prelude
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
 /// A prelude for conveniently writing platform-specific code.
 ///
 /// Includes all extension traits, and some important type definitions.
 pub mod prelude {
     #[doc(no_inline)]
-    pub use super::{Fd, AsRawFd, OsStrExt, OsStringExt, PermissionsExt};
+    pub use super::{Fd, AsRawFd, OsStrExt, OsStringExt, PermissionsExt, CommandExt, ExitStatusExt};
 }

src/libstd/sys/unix/fs2.rs

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl Drop for ReadDir {
 
 impl DirEntry {
     pub fn path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.root.join(<OsStr as OsStrExt>::from_byte_slice(self.name_bytes()))
+        self.root.join(<OsStr as OsStrExt>::from_bytes(self.name_bytes()))
     }
 
     fn name_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ impl File {
 }
 
 fn cstr(path: &Path) -> CString {
-    CString::from_slice(path.as_os_str().as_byte_slice())
+    CString::from_slice(path.as_os_str().as_bytes())
 }
 
 pub fn mkdir(p: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {

src/libstd/sys/unix/mod.rs

@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ pub mod net;
 pub mod os;
 pub mod os_str;
 pub mod pipe;
+pub mod pipe2;
 pub mod process;
+pub mod process2;
 pub mod rwlock;
 pub mod stack_overflow;
 pub mod sync;

src/libstd/sys/unix/os.rs

@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@ use fmt;
 use iter;
 use libc::{self, c_int, c_char, c_void};
 use mem;
+use io;
 use old_io::{IoResult, IoError, fs};
 use ptr;
 use slice;
 use str;
 use sys::c;
+use sys::fd;
 use sys::fs::FileDesc;
 use vec;
 
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ pub struct SplitPaths<'a> {
 
 pub fn split_paths<'a>(unparsed: &'a OsStr) -> SplitPaths<'a> {
     fn is_colon(b: &u8) -> bool { *b == b':' }
-    let unparsed = unparsed.as_byte_slice();
+    let unparsed = unparsed.as_bytes();
     SplitPaths {
         iter: unparsed.split(is_colon as fn(&u8) -> bool)
                       .map(Path::new as fn(&'a [u8]) ->  Path)
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ pub fn join_paths<I, T>(paths: I) -> Result<OsString, JoinPathsError>
     let sep = b':';
 
     for (i, path) in paths.enumerate() {
-        let path = path.as_os_str().as_byte_slice();
+        let path = path.as_os_str().as_bytes();
         if i > 0 { joined.push(sep) }
         if path.contains(&sep) {
             return Err(JoinPathsError)
@@ -391,7 +393,7 @@ pub fn env() -> Env {
 
 pub fn getenv(k: &OsStr) -> Option<OsString> {
     unsafe {
-        let s = CString::from_slice(k.as_byte_slice());
+        let s = CString::from_slice(k.as_bytes());
         let s = libc::getenv(s.as_ptr()) as *const _;
         if s.is_null() {
             None
@@ -403,8 +405,8 @@ pub fn getenv(k: &OsStr) -> Option<OsString> {
 
 pub fn setenv(k: &OsStr, v: &OsStr) {
     unsafe {
-        let k = CString::from_slice(k.as_byte_slice());
-        let v = CString::from_slice(v.as_byte_slice());
+        let k = CString::from_slice(k.as_bytes());
+        let v = CString::from_slice(v.as_bytes());
         if libc::funcs::posix01::unistd::setenv(k.as_ptr(), v.as_ptr(), 1) != 0 {
             panic!("failed setenv: {}", IoError::last_error());
         }
@@ -413,7 +415,7 @@ pub fn setenv(k: &OsStr, v: &OsStr) {
 
 pub fn unsetenv(n: &OsStr) {
     unsafe {
-        let nbuf = CString::from_slice(n.as_byte_slice());
+        let nbuf = CString::from_slice(n.as_bytes());
         if libc::funcs::posix01::unistd::unsetenv(nbuf.as_ptr()) != 0 {
             panic!("failed unsetenv: {}", IoError::last_error());
         }

src/libstd/sys/unix/pipe2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2015 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use prelude::v1::*;
+
+use sys::fd::FileDesc;
+use io;
+use libc;
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Anonymous pipes
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+pub struct AnonPipe(FileDesc);
+
+pub unsafe fn anon_pipe() -> io::Result<(AnonPipe, AnonPipe)> {
+    let mut fds = [0; 2];
+    if libc::pipe(fds.as_mut_ptr()) == 0 {
+        Ok((AnonPipe::from_fd(fds[0]),
+            AnonPipe::from_fd(fds[1])))
+    } else {
+        Err(io::Error::last_os_error())
+    }
+}
+
+impl AnonPipe {
+    pub fn from_fd(fd: libc::c_int) -> AnonPipe {
+        AnonPipe(FileDesc::new(fd))
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        self.0.read(buf)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        self.0.write(buf)
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw(&self) -> libc::c_int {
+        self.0.raw()
+    }
+}

src/libstd/sys/unix/process.rs

@@ -32,6 +32,12 @@ pub use sys_common::ProcessConfig;
 
 helper_init! { static HELPER: Helper<Req> }
 
+/// Unix-specific extensions to the Command builder
+pub struct CommandExt {
+    uid: Option<u32>,
+    gid: Option<u32>,
+}
+
 /// The unique id of the process (this should never be negative).
 pub struct Process {
     pub pid: pid_t

src/libstd/sys/unix/process2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+// Copyright 2014-2015 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use prelude::v1::*;
+
+use collections::HashMap;
+use collections::hash_map::Hasher;
+use env;
+use ffi::{OsString, OsStr, CString};
+use fmt;
+use hash::Hash;
+use io::{self, Error, ErrorKind};
+use libc::{self, pid_t, c_void, c_int, gid_t, uid_t};
+use mem;
+use old_io;
+use os;
+use os::unix::OsStrExt;
+use ptr;
+use sync::mpsc::{channel, Sender, Receiver};
+use sys::pipe2::AnonPipe;
+use sys::{self, retry, c, wouldblock, set_nonblocking, ms_to_timeval, cvt};
+use sys_common::AsInner;
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Command
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Command {
+    pub program: CString,
+    pub args: Vec<CString>,
+    pub env: Option<HashMap<OsString, OsString>>,
+    pub cwd: Option<CString>,
+    pub uid: Option<uid_t>,
+    pub gid: Option<gid_t>,
+    pub detach: bool, // not currently exposed in std::process
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    pub fn new(program: &OsStr) -> Command {
+        Command {
+            program: program.to_cstring(),
+            args: Vec::new(),
+            env: None,
+            cwd: None,
+            uid: None,
+            gid: None,
+            detach: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn arg(&mut self, arg: &OsStr) {
+        self.args.push(arg.to_cstring())
+    }
+    pub fn args<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a OsStr>>(&mut self, args: I) {
+        self.args.extend(args.map(OsStrExt::to_cstring))
+    }
+    fn init_env_map(&mut self) {
+        if self.env.is_none() {
+            self.env = Some(env::vars_os().collect());
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn env(&mut self, key: &OsStr, val: &OsStr) {
+        self.init_env_map();
+        self.env.as_mut().unwrap().insert(key.to_os_string(), val.to_os_string());
+    }
+    pub fn env_remove(&mut self, key: &OsStr) {
+        self.init_env_map();
+        self.env.as_mut().unwrap().remove(&key.to_os_string());
+    }
+    pub fn env_clear(&mut self) {
+        self.env = Some(HashMap::new())
+    }
+    pub fn cwd(&mut self, dir: &OsStr) {
+        self.cwd = Some(dir.to_cstring())
+    }
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Processes
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+/// Unix exit statuses
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub enum ExitStatus {
+    /// Normal termination with an exit code.
+    Code(i32),
+
+    /// Termination by signal, with the signal number.
+    ///
+    /// Never generated on Windows.
+    Signal(i32),
+}
+
+impl ExitStatus {
+    pub fn success(&self) -> bool {
+        *self == ExitStatus::Code(0)
+    }
+    pub fn code(&self) -> Option<i32> {
+        match *self {
+            ExitStatus::Code(c) => Some(c),
+            _ => None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ExitStatus {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            ExitStatus::Code(code) =>  write!(f, "exit code: {}", code),
+            ExitStatus::Signal(code) =>  write!(f, "signal: {}", code),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The unique id of the process (this should never be negative).
+pub struct Process {
+    pid: pid_t
+}
+
+const CLOEXEC_MSG_FOOTER: &'static [u8] = b"NOEX";
+
+impl Process {
+    pub fn id(&self) -> pid_t {
+        self.pid
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn kill(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        try!(cvt(libc::funcs::posix88::signal::kill(self.pid, libc::SIGKILL)));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn spawn(cfg: &Command,
+                 in_fd: Option<AnonPipe>, out_fd: Option<AnonPipe>, err_fd: Option<AnonPipe>)
+                 -> io::Result<Process>
+    {
+        use libc::funcs::posix88::unistd::{fork, dup2, close, chdir, execvp};
+        use libc::funcs::bsd44::getdtablesize;
+
+        mod rustrt {
+            extern {
+                pub fn rust_unset_sigprocmask();
+            }
+        }
+
+        unsafe fn set_cloexec(fd: c_int) {
+            let ret = c::ioctl(fd, c::FIOCLEX);
+            assert_eq!(ret, 0);
+        }
+
+        let dirp = cfg.cwd.as_ref().map(|c| c.as_ptr()).unwrap_or(ptr::null());
+
+        with_envp(cfg.env.as_ref(), |envp: *const c_void| {
+            with_argv(&cfg.program, &cfg.args, |argv: *const *const libc::c_char| unsafe {
+                let (input, mut output) = try!(sys::pipe2::anon_pipe());
+
+                // We may use this in the child, so perform allocations before the
+                // fork
+                let devnull = b"/dev/null\0";
+
+                set_cloexec(output.raw());
+
+                let pid = fork();
+                if pid < 0 {
+                    return Err(Error::last_os_error())
+                } else if pid > 0 {
+                    #[inline]
+                    fn combine(arr: &[u8]) -> i32 {
+                        let a = arr[0] as u32;
+                        let b = arr[1] as u32;
+                        let c = arr[2] as u32;
+                        let d = arr[3] as u32;
+
+                        ((a << 24) | (b << 16) | (c << 8) | (d << 0)) as i32
+                    }
+
+                    let p = Process{ pid: pid };
+                    drop(output);
+                    let mut bytes = [0; 8];
+
+                    // loop to handle EINTER
+                    loop {
+                        match input.read(&mut bytes) {
+                            Ok(8) => {
+                                assert!(combine(CLOEXEC_MSG_FOOTER) == combine(&bytes[4.. 8]),
+                                        "Validation on the CLOEXEC pipe failed: {:?}", bytes);
+                                let errno = combine(&bytes[0.. 4]);
+                                assert!(p.wait().is_ok(),
+                                        "wait() should either return Ok or panic");
+                                return Err(Error::from_os_error(errno))
+                            }
+                            Ok(0) => return Ok(p),
+                            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::Interrupted => {}
+                            Err(e) => {
+                                assert!(p.wait().is_ok(),
+                                        "wait() should either return Ok or panic");
+                                panic!("the CLOEXEC pipe failed: {:?}", e)
+                            },
+                            Ok(..) => { // pipe I/O up to PIPE_BUF bytes should be atomic
+                                assert!(p.wait().is_ok(),
+                                        "wait() should either return Ok or panic");
+                                panic!("short read on the CLOEXEC pipe")
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // And at this point we've reached a special time in the life of the
+                // child. The child must now be considered hamstrung and unable to
+                // do anything other than syscalls really. Consider the following
+                // scenario:
+                //
+                //      1. Thread A of process 1 grabs the malloc() mutex
+                //      2. Thread B of process 1 forks(), creating thread C
+                //      3. Thread C of process 2 then attempts to malloc()
+                //      4. The memory of process 2 is the same as the memory of
+                //         process 1, so the mutex is locked.
+                //
+                // This situation looks a lot like deadlock, right? It turns out
+                // that this is what pthread_atfork() takes care of, which is
+                // presumably implemented across platforms. The first thing that
+                // threads to *before* forking is to do things like grab the malloc
+                // mutex, and then after the fork they unlock it.
+                //
+                // Despite this information, libnative's spawn has been witnessed to
+                // deadlock on both OSX and FreeBSD. I'm not entirely sure why, but
+                // all collected backtraces point at malloc/free traffic in the
+                // child spawned process.
+                //
+                // For this reason, the block of code below should contain 0
+                // invocations of either malloc of free (or their related friends).
+                //
+                // As an example of not having malloc/free traffic, we don't close
+                // this file descriptor by dropping the FileDesc (which contains an
+                // allocation). Instead we just close it manually. This will never
+                // have the drop glue anyway because this code never returns (the
+                // child will either exec() or invoke libc::exit)
+                let _ = libc::close(input.raw());
+
+                fn fail(output: &mut AnonPipe) -> ! {
+                    let errno = sys::os::errno() as u32;
+                    let bytes = [
+                        (errno >> 24) as u8,
+                        (errno >> 16) as u8,
+                        (errno >>  8) as u8,
+                        (errno >>  0) as u8,
+                        CLOEXEC_MSG_FOOTER[0], CLOEXEC_MSG_FOOTER[1],
+                        CLOEXEC_MSG_FOOTER[2], CLOEXEC_MSG_FOOTER[3]
+                    ];
+                    // pipe I/O up to PIPE_BUF bytes should be atomic
+                    assert!(output.write(&bytes).is_ok());
+                    unsafe { libc::_exit(1) }
+                }
+
+                rustrt::rust_unset_sigprocmask();
+
+                // If a stdio file descriptor is set to be ignored, we don't
+                // actually close it, but rather open up /dev/null into that
+                // file descriptor. Otherwise, the first file descriptor opened
+                // up in the child would be numbered as one of the stdio file
+                // descriptors, which is likely to wreak havoc.
+                let setup = |&: src: Option<AnonPipe>, dst: c_int| {
+                    let src = match src {
+                        None => {
+                            let flags = if dst == libc::STDIN_FILENO {
+                                libc::O_RDONLY
+                            } else {
+                                libc::O_RDWR
+                            };
+                            libc::open(devnull.as_ptr() as *const _, flags, 0)
+                        }
+                        Some(obj) => {
+                            let fd = obj.raw();
+                            // Leak the memory and the file descriptor. We're in the
+                            // child now an all our resources are going to be
+                            // cleaned up very soon
+                            mem::forget(obj);
+                            fd
+                        }
+                    };
+                    src != -1 && retry(|| dup2(src, dst)) != -1
+                };
+
+                if !setup(in_fd, libc::STDIN_FILENO) { fail(&mut output) }
+                if !setup(out_fd, libc::STDOUT_FILENO) { fail(&mut output) }
+                if !setup(err_fd, libc::STDERR_FILENO) { fail(&mut output) }
+
+                // close all other fds
+                for fd in (3..getdtablesize()).rev() {
+                    if fd != output.raw() {
+                        let _ = close(fd as c_int);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                match cfg.gid {
+                    Some(u) => {
+                        if libc::setgid(u as libc::gid_t) != 0 {
+                            fail(&mut output);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None => {}
+                }
+                match cfg.uid {
+                    Some(u) => {
+                        // When dropping privileges from root, the `setgroups` call
+                        // will remove any extraneous groups. If we don't call this,
+                        // then even though our uid has dropped, we may still have
+                        // groups that enable us to do super-user things. This will
+                        // fail if we aren't root, so don't bother checking the
+                        // return value, this is just done as an optimistic
+                        // privilege dropping function.
+                        extern {
+                            fn setgroups(ngroups: libc::c_int,
+                                         ptr: *const libc::c_void) -> libc::c_int;
+                        }
+                        let _ = setgroups(0, ptr::null());
+
+                        if libc::setuid(u as libc::uid_t) != 0 {
+                            fail(&mut output);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None => {}
+                }
+                if cfg.detach {
+                    // Don't check the error of setsid because it fails if we're the
+                    // process leader already. We just forked so it shouldn't return
+                    // error, but ignore it anyway.
+                    let _ = libc::setsid();
+                }
+                if !dirp.is_null() && chdir(dirp) == -1 {
+                    fail(&mut output);
+                }
+                if !envp.is_null() {
+                    *sys::os::environ() = envp as *const _;
+                }
+                let _ = execvp(*argv, argv as *mut _);
+                fail(&mut output);
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn wait(&self) -> io::Result<ExitStatus> {
+        let mut status = 0 as c_int;
+        try!(cvt(retry(|| unsafe { c::waitpid(self.pid, &mut status, 0) })));
+        Ok(translate_status(status))
+    }
+
+    pub fn try_wait(&self) -> Option<ExitStatus> {
+        let mut status = 0 as c_int;
+        match retry(|| unsafe {
+            c::waitpid(self.pid, &mut status, c::WNOHANG)
+        }) {
+            n if n == self.pid => Some(translate_status(status)),
+            0 => None,
+            n => panic!("unknown waitpid error `{:?}`: {:?}", n,
+                       super::last_error()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn with_argv<T,F>(prog: &CString, args: &[CString], cb: F) -> T
+    where F : FnOnce(*const *const libc::c_char) -> T
+{
+    let mut ptrs: Vec<*const libc::c_char> = Vec::with_capacity(args.len()+1);
+
+    // Convert the CStrings into an array of pointers. Note: the
+    // lifetime of the various CStrings involved is guaranteed to be
+    // larger than the lifetime of our invocation of cb, but this is
+    // technically unsafe as the callback could leak these pointers
+    // out of our scope.
+    ptrs.push(prog.as_ptr());
+    ptrs.extend(args.iter().map(|tmp| tmp.as_ptr()));
+
+    // Add a terminating null pointer (required by libc).
+    ptrs.push(ptr::null());
+
+    cb(ptrs.as_ptr())
+}
+
+fn with_envp<T, F>(env: Option<&HashMap<OsString, OsString>>, cb: F) -> T
+    where F : FnOnce(*const c_void) -> T
+{
+    // On posixy systems we can pass a char** for envp, which is a
+    // null-terminated array of "k=v\0" strings. Since we must create
+    // these strings locally, yet expose a raw pointer to them, we
+    // create a temporary vector to own the CStrings that outlives the
+    // call to cb.
+    match env {
+        Some(env) => {
+            let mut tmps = Vec::with_capacity(env.len());
+
+            for pair in env {
+                let mut kv = Vec::new();
+                kv.push_all(pair.0.as_bytes());
+                kv.push('=' as u8);
+                kv.push_all(pair.1.as_bytes());
+                kv.push(0); // terminating null
+                tmps.push(kv);
+            }
+
+            // As with `with_argv`, this is unsafe, since cb could leak the pointers.
+            let mut ptrs: Vec<*const libc::c_char> =
+                tmps.iter()
+                    .map(|tmp| tmp.as_ptr() as *const libc::c_char)
+                    .collect();
+            ptrs.push(ptr::null());
+
+            cb(ptrs.as_ptr() as *const c_void)
+        }
+        _ => cb(ptr::null())
+    }
+}
+
+fn translate_status(status: c_int) -> ExitStatus {
+    #![allow(non_snake_case)]
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+    mod imp {
+        pub fn WIFEXITED(status: i32) -> bool { (status & 0xff) == 0 }
+        pub fn WEXITSTATUS(status: i32) -> i32 { (status >> 8) & 0xff }
+        pub fn WTERMSIG(status: i32) -> i32 { status & 0x7f }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos",
+              target_os = "ios",
+              target_os = "freebsd",
+              target_os = "dragonfly",
+              target_os = "openbsd"))]
+    mod imp {
+        pub fn WIFEXITED(status: i32) -> bool { (status & 0x7f) == 0 }
+        pub fn WEXITSTATUS(status: i32) -> i32 { status >> 8 }
+        pub fn WTERMSIG(status: i32) -> i32 { status & 0o177 }
+    }
+
+    if imp::WIFEXITED(status) {
+        ExitStatus::Code(imp::WEXITSTATUS(status))
+    } else {
+        ExitStatus::Signal(imp::WTERMSIG(status))
+    }
+}

src/libstd/sys/windows/fs2.rs

@@ -225,27 +225,11 @@ impl File {
     }
 
     pub fn read(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        let mut read = 0;
-        try!(cvt(unsafe {
-            libc::ReadFile(self.handle.raw(),
-                           buf.as_ptr() as libc::LPVOID,
-                           buf.len() as libc::DWORD,
-                           &mut read,
-                           ptr::null_mut())
-        }));
-        Ok(read as usize)
+        self.handle.read(buf)
     }
 
     pub fn write(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        let mut amt = 0;
-        try!(cvt(unsafe {
-            libc::WriteFile(self.handle.raw(),
-                            buf.as_ptr() as libc::LPVOID,
-                            buf.len() as libc::DWORD,
-                            &mut amt,
-                            ptr::null_mut())
-        }));
-        Ok(amt as usize)
+        self.handle.write(buf)
     }
 
     pub fn flush(&self) -> io::Result<()> { Ok(()) }

src/libstd/sys/windows/handle.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
 use prelude::v1::*;
 
 use libc::{self, HANDLE};
+use io;
+use io::ErrorKind;
+use ptr;
+use sys::cvt;
 
 pub struct Handle(HANDLE);
 
@@ -21,7 +25,16 @@ impl Handle {
     pub fn new(handle: HANDLE) -> Handle {
         Handle(handle)
     }
+
     pub fn raw(&self) -> HANDLE { self.0 }
+
+    pub fn read(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        read(self.0, buf)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        write(self.0, buf)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Drop for Handle {
@@ -30,3 +43,34 @@ impl Drop for Handle {
     }
 }
 
+
+pub fn read(h: HANDLE, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+    let mut read = 0;
+    let res = cvt(unsafe {
+        libc::ReadFile(h, buf.as_ptr() as libc::LPVOID,
+                       buf.len() as libc::DWORD, &mut read,
+                       ptr::null_mut())
+    });
+
+    match res {
+        Ok(_) => Ok(read as usize),
+
+        // The special treatment of BrokenPipe is to deal with Windows
+        // pipe semantics, which yields this error when *reading* from
+        // a pipe after the other end has closed; we interpret that as
+        // EOF on the pipe.
+        Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => Ok(0),
+
+        Err(e) => Err(e)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn write(h: HANDLE, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+    let mut amt = 0;
+    try!(cvt(unsafe {
+        libc::WriteFile(h, buf.as_ptr() as libc::LPVOID,
+                        buf.len() as libc::DWORD, &mut amt,
+                        ptr::null_mut())
+    }));
+    Ok(amt as usize)
+}

src/libstd/sys/windows/mod.rs

@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ pub mod net;
 pub mod os;
 pub mod os_str;
 pub mod pipe;
+pub mod pipe2;
 pub mod process;
+pub mod process2;
 pub mod rwlock;
 pub mod stack_overflow;
 pub mod sync;

src/libstd/sys/windows/pipe2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright 2015 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use prelude::v1::*;
+
+use sys::handle;
+use io;
+use libc::{self, c_int, HANDLE};
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Anonymous pipes
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+pub struct AnonPipe {
+    fd: c_int
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn anon_pipe() -> io::Result<(AnonPipe, AnonPipe)> {
+    // Windows pipes work subtly differently than unix pipes, and their
+    // inheritance has to be handled in a different way that I do not
+    // fully understand. Here we explicitly make the pipe non-inheritable,
+    // which means to pass it to a subprocess they need to be duplicated
+    // first, as in std::run.
+    let mut fds = [0; 2];
+    match libc::pipe(fds.as_mut_ptr(), 1024 as ::libc::c_uint,
+    (libc::O_BINARY | libc::O_NOINHERIT) as c_int) {
+        0 => {
+            assert!(fds[0] != -1 && fds[0] != 0);
+            assert!(fds[1] != -1 && fds[1] != 0);
+
+            Ok((AnonPipe::from_fd(fds[0]), AnonPipe::from_fd(fds[1])))
+        }
+        _ => Err(io::Error::last_os_error()),
+    }
+}
+
+impl AnonPipe {
+    pub fn from_fd(fd: libc::c_int) -> AnonPipe {
+        AnonPipe { fd: fd }
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw(&self) -> HANDLE {
+        unsafe { libc::get_osfhandle(self.fd) as libc::HANDLE }
+    }
+
+    pub fn read(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        handle::read(self.raw(), buf)
+    }
+
+    pub fn write(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        handle::write(self.raw(), buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for AnonPipe {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // closing stdio file handles makes no sense, so never do it. Also, note
+        // that errors are ignored when closing a file descriptor. The reason
+        // for this is that if an error occurs we don't actually know if the
+        // file descriptor was closed or not, and if we retried (for something
+        // like EINTR), we might close another valid file descriptor (opened
+        // after we closed ours.
+        if self.fd > libc::STDERR_FILENO {
+            let n = unsafe { libc::close(self.fd) };
+            if n != 0 {
+                println!("error {} when closing file descriptor {}", n, self.fd);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/libstd/sys/windows/process2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+// Copyright 2012-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use prelude::v1::*;
+
+use ascii::*;
+use collections::HashMap;
+use collections;
+use env;
+use ffi::{OsString, OsStr};
+use fmt;
+use io::{self, Error};
+use libc::{self, c_void};
+use old_io::fs;
+use old_path;
+use os::windows::OsStrExt;
+use ptr;
+use sync::{StaticMutex, MUTEX_INIT};
+use sys::pipe2::AnonPipe;
+use sys::{self, cvt};
+use sys::handle::Handle;
+use sys_common::{AsInner, FromInner};
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Command
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+fn mk_key(s: &OsStr) -> OsString {
+    FromInner::from_inner(sys::os_str::Buf {
+        inner: s.as_inner().inner.to_ascii_uppercase()
+    })
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Command {
+    pub program: OsString,
+    pub args: Vec<OsString>,
+    pub env: Option<HashMap<OsString, OsString>>,
+    pub cwd: Option<OsString>,
+    pub detach: bool, // not currently exposed in std::process
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    pub fn new(program: &OsStr) -> Command {
+        Command {
+            program: program.to_os_string(),
+            args: Vec::new(),
+            env: None,
+            cwd: None,
+            detach: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn arg(&mut self, arg: &OsStr) {
+        self.args.push(arg.to_os_string())
+    }
+    pub fn args<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a OsStr>>(&mut self, args: I) {
+        self.args.extend(args.map(OsStr::to_os_string))
+    }
+    fn init_env_map(&mut self){
+        if self.env.is_none() {
+            self.env = Some(env::vars_os().map(|(key, val)| {
+                (mk_key(&key), val)
+            }).collect());
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn env(&mut self, key: &OsStr, val: &OsStr) {
+        self.init_env_map();
+        self.env.as_mut().unwrap().insert(mk_key(key), val.to_os_string());
+    }
+    pub fn env_remove(&mut self, key: &OsStr) {
+        self.init_env_map();
+        self.env.as_mut().unwrap().remove(&mk_key(key));
+    }
+    pub fn env_clear(&mut self) {
+        self.env = Some(HashMap::new())
+    }
+    pub fn cwd(&mut self, dir: &OsStr) {
+        self.cwd = Some(dir.to_os_string())
+    }
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Processes
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// `CreateProcess` is racy!
+// http://support.microsoft.com/kb/315939
+static CREATE_PROCESS_LOCK: StaticMutex = MUTEX_INIT;
+
+/// A value representing a child process.
+///
+/// The lifetime of this value is linked to the lifetime of the actual
+/// process - the Process destructor calls self.finish() which waits
+/// for the process to terminate.
+pub struct Process {
+    /// A HANDLE to the process, which will prevent the pid being
+    /// re-used until the handle is closed.
+    handle: Handle,
+}
+
+impl Process {
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    pub fn spawn(cfg: &Command,
+                 in_fd: Option<AnonPipe>, out_fd: Option<AnonPipe>, err_fd: Option<AnonPipe>)
+                 -> io::Result<Process>
+    {
+        use libc::types::os::arch::extra::{DWORD, HANDLE, STARTUPINFO};
+        use libc::consts::os::extra::{
+            TRUE, FALSE,
+            STARTF_USESTDHANDLES,
+            INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+            DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS
+        };
+        use libc::funcs::extra::kernel32::{
+            GetCurrentProcess,
+            DuplicateHandle,
+            CloseHandle,
+            CreateProcessW
+        };
+
+        use env::split_paths;
+        use mem;
+        use iter::IteratorExt;
+        use str::StrExt;
+
+        // To have the spawning semantics of unix/windows stay the same, we need to
+        // read the *child's* PATH if one is provided. See #15149 for more details.
+        let program = cfg.env.as_ref().and_then(|env| {
+            for (key, v) in env {
+                if OsStr::from_str("PATH") != &**key { continue }
+
+                // Split the value and test each path to see if the
+                // program exists.
+                for path in split_paths(&v) {
+                    let path = path.join(cfg.program.to_str().unwrap())
+                                   .with_extension(env::consts::EXE_EXTENSION);
+                    // FIXME: update with new fs module once it lands
+                    if fs::stat(&old_path::Path::new(&path)).is_ok() {
+                        return Some(OsString::from_str(path.as_str().unwrap()))
+                    }
+                }
+                break
+            }
+            None
+        });
+
+        unsafe {
+            let mut si = zeroed_startupinfo();
+            si.cb = mem::size_of::<STARTUPINFO>() as DWORD;
+            si.dwFlags = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
+
+            let cur_proc = GetCurrentProcess();
+
+            // Similarly to unix, we don't actually leave holes for the stdio file
+            // descriptors, but rather open up /dev/null equivalents. These
+            // equivalents are drawn from libuv's windows process spawning.
+            let set_fd = |&: fd: &Option<AnonPipe>, slot: &mut HANDLE,
+                          is_stdin: bool| {
+                match *fd {
+                    None => {
+                        let access = if is_stdin {
+                            libc::FILE_GENERIC_READ
+                        } else {
+                            libc::FILE_GENERIC_WRITE | libc::FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES
+                        };
+                        let size = mem::size_of::<libc::SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES>();
+                        let mut sa = libc::SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES {
+                            nLength: size as libc::DWORD,
+                            lpSecurityDescriptor: ptr::null_mut(),
+                            bInheritHandle: 1,
+                        };
+                        let mut filename: Vec<u16> = "NUL".utf16_units().collect();
+                        filename.push(0);
+                        *slot = libc::CreateFileW(filename.as_ptr(),
+                                                  access,
+                                                  libc::FILE_SHARE_READ |
+                                                      libc::FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
+                                                  &mut sa,
+                                                  libc::OPEN_EXISTING,
+                                                  0,
+                                                  ptr::null_mut());
+                        if *slot == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
+                            return Err(Error::last_os_error())
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Some(ref pipe) => {
+                        let orig = pipe.raw();
+                        if orig == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
+                            return Err(Error::last_os_error())
+                        }
+                        if DuplicateHandle(cur_proc, orig, cur_proc, slot,
+                                           0, TRUE, DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS) == FALSE {
+                            return Err(Error::last_os_error())
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            };
+
+            try!(set_fd(&in_fd, &mut si.hStdInput, true));
+            try!(set_fd(&out_fd, &mut si.hStdOutput, false));
+            try!(set_fd(&err_fd, &mut si.hStdError, false));
+
+            let mut cmd_str = make_command_line(program.as_ref().unwrap_or(&cfg.program),
+                                            &cfg.args);
+            cmd_str.push(0); // add null terminator
+
+            let mut pi = zeroed_process_information();
+            let mut create_err = None;
+
+            // stolen from the libuv code.
+            let mut flags = libc::CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT;
+            if cfg.detach {
+                flags |= libc::DETACHED_PROCESS | libc::CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP;
+            }
+
+            with_envp(cfg.env.as_ref(), |envp| {
+                with_dirp(cfg.cwd.as_ref(), |dirp| {
+                    let _lock = CREATE_PROCESS_LOCK.lock().unwrap();
+                    let created = CreateProcessW(ptr::null(),
+                                                 cmd_str.as_mut_ptr(),
+                                                 ptr::null_mut(),
+                                                 ptr::null_mut(),
+                                                 TRUE,
+                                                 flags, envp, dirp,
+                                                 &mut si, &mut pi);
+                    if created == FALSE {
+                        create_err = Some(Error::last_os_error());
+                    }
+                })
+            });
+
+            assert!(CloseHandle(si.hStdInput) != 0);
+            assert!(CloseHandle(si.hStdOutput) != 0);
+            assert!(CloseHandle(si.hStdError) != 0);
+
+            match create_err {
+                Some(err) => return Err(err),
+                None => {}
+            }
+
+            // We close the thread handle because we don't care about keeping the
+            // thread id valid, and we aren't keeping the thread handle around to be
+            // able to close it later. We don't close the process handle however
+            // because std::we want the process id to stay valid at least until the
+            // calling code closes the process handle.
+            assert!(CloseHandle(pi.hThread) != 0);
+
+            Ok(Process {
+                handle: Handle::new(pi.hProcess)
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn kill(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        try!(cvt(libc::TerminateProcess(self.handle.raw(), 1)));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn wait(&self) -> io::Result<ExitStatus> {
+        use libc::consts::os::extra::{
+            FALSE,
+            STILL_ACTIVE,
+            INFINITE,
+            WAIT_OBJECT_0,
+        };
+        use libc::funcs::extra::kernel32::{
+            GetExitCodeProcess,
+            WaitForSingleObject,
+        };
+
+        unsafe {
+            loop {
+                let mut status = 0;
+                if GetExitCodeProcess(self.handle.raw(), &mut status) == FALSE {
+                    let err = Err(Error::last_os_error());
+                    return err;
+                }
+                if status != STILL_ACTIVE {
+                    return Ok(ExitStatus(status as i32));
+                }
+                match WaitForSingleObject(self.handle.raw(), INFINITE) {
+                    WAIT_OBJECT_0 => {}
+                    _ => {
+                        let err = Err(Error::last_os_error());
+                        return err
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct ExitStatus(i32);
+
+impl ExitStatus {
+    pub fn success(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0 == 0
+    }
+    pub fn code(&self) -> Option<i32> {
+        Some(self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ExitStatus {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "exit code: {}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+fn zeroed_startupinfo() -> libc::types::os::arch::extra::STARTUPINFO {
+    libc::types::os::arch::extra::STARTUPINFO {
+        cb: 0,
+        lpReserved: ptr::null_mut(),
+        lpDesktop: ptr::null_mut(),
+        lpTitle: ptr::null_mut(),
+        dwX: 0,
+        dwY: 0,
+        dwXSize: 0,
+        dwYSize: 0,
+        dwXCountChars: 0,
+        dwYCountCharts: 0,
+        dwFillAttribute: 0,
+        dwFlags: 0,
+        wShowWindow: 0,
+        cbReserved2: 0,
+        lpReserved2: ptr::null_mut(),
+        hStdInput: libc::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+        hStdOutput: libc::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+        hStdError: libc::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+    }
+}
+
+fn zeroed_process_information() -> libc::types::os::arch::extra::PROCESS_INFORMATION {
+    libc::types::os::arch::extra::PROCESS_INFORMATION {
+        hProcess: ptr::null_mut(),
+        hThread: ptr::null_mut(),
+        dwProcessId: 0,
+        dwThreadId: 0
+    }
+}
+
+// Produces a wide string *without terminating null*
+fn make_command_line(prog: &OsStr, args: &[OsString]) -> Vec<u16> {
+    let mut cmd: Vec<u16> = Vec::new();
+    append_arg(&mut cmd, prog);
+    for arg in args {
+        cmd.push(' ' as u16);
+        append_arg(&mut cmd, arg);
+    }
+    return cmd;
+
+    fn append_arg(cmd: &mut Vec<u16>, arg: &OsStr) {
+        // If an argument has 0 characters then we need to quote it to ensure
+        // that it actually gets passed through on the command line or otherwise
+        // it will be dropped entirely when parsed on the other end.
+        let arg_bytes = &arg.as_inner().inner.as_inner();
+        let quote = arg_bytes.iter().any(|c| *c == b' ' || *c == b'\t')
+            || arg_bytes.len() == 0;
+        if quote {
+            cmd.push('"' as u16);
+        }
+
+        let mut iter = arg.encode_wide();
+        while let Some(x) = iter.next() {
+            if x == '"' as u16 {
+                // escape quotes
+                cmd.push('\\' as u16);
+                cmd.push('"' as u16);
+            } else if x == '\\' as u16 {
+                // is this a run of backslashes followed by a " ?
+                if iter.clone().skip_while(|y| *y == '\\' as u16).next() == Some('"' as u16) {
+                    // Double it ... NOTE: this behavior is being
+                    // preserved as it's been part of Rust for a long
+                    // time, but no one seems to know exactly why this
+                    // is the right thing to do.
+                    cmd.push('\\' as u16);
+                    cmd.push('\\' as u16);
+                } else {
+                    // Push it through unescaped
+                    cmd.push('\\' as u16);
+                }
+            } else {
+                cmd.push(x)
+            }
+        }
+
+        if quote {
+            cmd.push('"' as u16);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn with_envp<F, T>(env: Option<&collections::HashMap<OsString, OsString>>, cb: F) -> T
+    where F: FnOnce(*mut c_void) -> T,
+{
+    // On Windows we pass an "environment block" which is not a char**, but
+    // rather a concatenation of null-terminated k=v\0 sequences, with a final
+    // \0 to terminate.
+    match env {
+        Some(env) => {
+            let mut blk = Vec::new();
+
+            for pair in env {
+                blk.extend(pair.0.encode_wide());
+                blk.push('=' as u16);
+                blk.extend(pair.1.encode_wide());
+                blk.push(0);
+            }
+            blk.push(0);
+            cb(blk.as_mut_ptr() as *mut c_void)
+        }
+        _ => cb(ptr::null_mut())
+    }
+}
+
+fn with_dirp<T, F>(d: Option<&OsString>, cb: F) -> T where
+    F: FnOnce(*const u16) -> T,
+{
+    match d {
+      Some(dir) => {
+          let mut dir_str: Vec<u16> = dir.encode_wide().collect();
+          dir_str.push(0);
+          cb(dir_str.as_ptr())
+      },
+      None => cb(ptr::null())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use prelude::v1::*;
+    use str;
+    use ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+    use super::make_command_line;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_make_command_line() {
+        fn test_wrapper(prog: &str, args: &[&str]) -> String {
+            String::from_utf16(
+                &make_command_line(OsStr::from_str(prog),
+                                   args.iter()
+                                       .map(|a| OsString::from_str(a))
+                                       .collect::<Vec<OsString>>()
+                                       .as_slice())).unwrap()
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_wrapper("prog", &["aaa", "bbb", "ccc"]),
+            "prog aaa bbb ccc"
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_wrapper("C:\\Program Files\\blah\\blah.exe", &["aaa"]),
+            "\"C:\\Program Files\\blah\\blah.exe\" aaa"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_wrapper("C:\\Program Files\\test", &["aa\"bb"]),
+            "\"C:\\Program Files\\test\" aa\\\"bb"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_wrapper("echo", &["a b c"]),
+            "echo \"a b c\""
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_wrapper("\u{03c0}\u{042f}\u{97f3}\u{00e6}\u{221e}", &[]),
+            "\u{03c0}\u{042f}\u{97f3}\u{00e6}\u{221e}"
+        );
+    }
+}