Stabilize std::path

This commit stabilizes essentially all of the new `std::path` API. The
API itself is changed in a couple of ways (which brings it in closer
alignment with the RFC):

* `.` components are now normalized away, unless they appear at the
  start of a path. This in turn effects the semantics of e.g. asking for
  the file name of `foo/` or `foo/.`, both of which yield `Some("foo")`
  now. This semantics is what the original RFC specified, and is also
  desirable given early experience rolling out the new API.

* The `parent` function now succeeds if, and only if, the path has at
  least one non-root/prefix component. This change affects `pop` as
  well.

* The `Prefix` component now involves a separate `PrefixComponent`
  struct, to better allow for keeping both parsed and unparsed prefix data.

In addition, the `old_path` module is now deprecated.

Closes #23264

[breaking-change]

src/libstd/old_path/mod.rs

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
 //! ```
 
 #![unstable(feature = "old_path")]
+#![deprecated(since = "1.0.0", reason = "use std::path instead")]
 #![allow(deprecated)] // seriously this is all deprecated
 #![allow(unused_imports)]