Fix self referential impl Trait substitutions

A high impact bug because a lot of common traits use a `Self`
substitution by default. Should be backported to beta.

There was a check for this which wasn't catching all cases, it was made
more robust.

Fixes #49376
Fixes #50626

r? @petrochenkov

src/test/run-pass/impl-trait/issue-49376.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+// Tests for nested self-reference which caused a stack overflow.
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::ops::*;
+
+fn gen() -> impl PartialOrd + PartialEq + Debug { }
+
+struct Bar {}
+trait Foo<T = Self> {}
+impl Foo for Bar {}
+
+fn foo() -> impl Foo {
+    Bar {}
+}
+
+fn test_impl_ops() -> impl Add + Sub + Mul + Div { 1 }
+fn test_impl_assign_ops() -> impl AddAssign + SubAssign + MulAssign + DivAssign { 1 }
+
+fn main() {}