rustc: Add -C lto=val option

This commit primarily adds the ability to control what kind of LTO happens when
rustc performs LTO, namely allowing values to be specified to the `-C lto`
option, such as `-C lto=thin` and `-C lto=fat`. (where "fat" is the previous
kind of LTO, throw everything in one giant module)

Along the way this also refactors a number of fields which store information
about whether LTO/ThinLTO are enabled to unify them all into one field through
which everything is dispatched, hopefully removing a number of special cases
throughout.

This is intended to help mitigate #47409 but will require a backport as well,
and this would unfortunately need to be an otherwise insta-stable option.

src/test/run-pass/thinlto/all-crates.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+// compile-flags: -Clto=thin
+// no-prefer-dynamic
+// min-llvm-version 4.0
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("hello!");
+}