Add {ast,hir,thir}::PatKind::Missing variants.

"Missing" patterns are possible in bare fn types (`fn f(u32)`) and
similar places. Currently these are represented in the AST with
`ast::PatKind::Ident` with no `by_ref`, no `mut`, an empty ident, and no
sub-pattern. This flows through to `{hir,thir}::PatKind::Binding` for
HIR and THIR.

This is a bit nasty. It's very non-obvious, and easy to forget to check
for the exceptional empty identifier case.

This commit adds a new variant, `PatKind::Missing`, to do it properly.

The process I followed:
- Add a `Missing` variant to `{ast,hir,thir}::PatKind`.
- Chang `parse_param_general` to produce `ast::PatKind::Missing`
  instead of `ast::PatKind::Missing`.
- Look through `kw::Empty` occurrences to find functions where an
  existing empty ident check needs replacing with a `PatKind::Missing`
  check: `print_param`, `check_trait_item`, `is_named_param`.
- Add a `PatKind::Missing => unreachable!(),` arm to every exhaustive
  match identified by the compiler.
- Find which arms are actually reachable by running the test suite,
  changing them to something appropriate, usually by looking at what
  would happen to a `PatKind::Ident`/`PatKind::Binding` with no ref, no
  `mut`, an empty ident, and no subpattern.

Quite a few of the `unreachable!()` arms were never reached. This makes
sense because `PatKind::Missing` can't happen in every pattern, only
in places like bare fn tys and trait fn decls.

I also tried an alternative approach: modifying `ast::Param::pat` to
hold an `Option<P<Pat>>` instead of a `P<Pat>`, but that quickly turned
into a very large and painful change. Adding `PatKind::Missing` is much
easier.

src/tools/clippy/clippy_lints/src/equatable_if_let.rs

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ fn unary_pattern(pat: &Pat<'_>) -> bool {
         pats.iter().all(unary_pattern)
     }
     match &pat.kind {
+        PatKind::Missing => unreachable!(),
         PatKind::Slice(_, _, _)
         | PatKind::Range(_, _, _)
         | PatKind::Binding(..)

src/tools/clippy/clippy_lints/src/matches/match_same_arms.rs

@@ -253,6 +253,7 @@ fn iter_matching_struct_fields<'a>(
 impl<'a> NormalizedPat<'a> {
     fn from_pat(cx: &LateContext<'_>, arena: &'a DroplessArena, pat: &'a Pat<'_>) -> Self {
         match pat.kind {
+            PatKind::Missing => unreachable!(),
             PatKind::Wild | PatKind::Binding(.., None) => Self::Wild,
             PatKind::Binding(.., Some(pat))
             | PatKind::Box(pat)

src/tools/clippy/clippy_lints/src/matches/single_match.rs

@@ -406,6 +406,7 @@ impl<'a> PatState<'a> {
                 pats.iter().map(|p| p.pat),
             ),
 
+            PatKind::Missing => unreachable!(),
             PatKind::Wild
             | PatKind::Binding(_, _, _, None)
             | PatKind::Expr(_)

src/tools/clippy/clippy_lints/src/unnested_or_patterns.rs

@@ -224,6 +224,7 @@ fn transform_with_focus_on_idx(alternatives: &mut ThinVec<P<Pat>>, focus_idx: us
 
     // We're trying to find whatever kind (~"constructor") we found in `alternatives[start..]`.
     let changed = match &mut focus_kind {
+        Missing => unreachable!(),
         // These pattern forms are "leafs" and do not have sub-patterns.
         // Therefore they are not some form of constructor `C`,
         // with which a pattern `C(p_0)` may be formed,

src/tools/clippy/clippy_lints/src/utils/author.rs

@@ -676,6 +676,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> PrintVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
         }
 
         match pat.value.kind {
+            PatKind::Missing => unreachable!(),
             PatKind::Wild => kind!("Wild"),
             PatKind::Never => kind!("Never"),
             PatKind::Binding(ann, _, name, sub) => {

src/tools/clippy/clippy_utils/src/ast_utils/mod.rs

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ pub fn eq_id(l: Ident, r: Ident) -> bool {
 pub fn eq_pat(l: &Pat, r: &Pat) -> bool {
     use PatKind::*;
     match (&l.kind, &r.kind) {
+        (Missing, _) | (_, Missing) => unreachable!(),
         (Paren(l), _) => eq_pat(l, r),
         (_, Paren(r)) => eq_pat(l, r),
         (Wild, Wild) | (Rest, Rest) => true,

src/tools/clippy/clippy_utils/src/hir_utils.rs

@@ -1124,6 +1124,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> SpanlessHash<'a, 'tcx> {
     pub fn hash_pat(&mut self, pat: &Pat<'_>) {
         std::mem::discriminant(&pat.kind).hash(&mut self.s);
         match pat.kind {
+            PatKind::Missing => unreachable!(),
             PatKind::Binding(BindingMode(by_ref, mutability), _, _, pat) => {
                 std::mem::discriminant(&by_ref).hash(&mut self.s);
                 std::mem::discriminant(&mutability).hash(&mut self.s);

src/tools/clippy/clippy_utils/src/lib.rs

@@ -1857,6 +1857,7 @@ pub fn is_refutable(cx: &LateContext<'_>, pat: &Pat<'_>) -> bool {
     }
 
     match pat.kind {
+        PatKind::Missing => unreachable!(),
         PatKind::Wild | PatKind::Never => false, // If `!` typechecked then the type is empty, so not refutable.
         PatKind::Binding(_, _, _, pat) => pat.is_some_and(|pat| is_refutable(cx, pat)),
         PatKind::Box(pat) | PatKind::Ref(pat, _) => is_refutable(cx, pat),