Fix various Chalk lowering bugs

- Add more well-known traits
- Use the correct binders when lowering trait objects
- Use correct substs when lowering trait objects
- Use the correct binders for opaque_ty_data
- Lower negative impls with the correct polarity
- Supply associated type values
- Use `predicates_defined_on` for where clauses

src/test/ui/chalkify/arithmetic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// check-pass
+// compile-flags: -Z chalk
+
+fn main() {
+    1 + 2;
+    3 * 6;
+    2 - 5;
+    17 / 6;
+    23 % 11;
+    4 & 6;
+    7 | 15;
+    4 << 7;
+    123 >> 3;
+    1 == 2;
+    5 != 5;
+    6 < 2;
+    7 > 11;
+    3 <= 1;
+    9 >= 14;
+}

src/test/ui/chalkify/trait-objects.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// check-pass
+// compile-flags: -Z chalk
+
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+fn main() {
+    let d: &dyn Display = &mut 3;
+    // FIXME(chalk) should be able to call d.to_string() as well, but doing so
+    // requires Chalk to be able to prove trait object well-formed goals.
+    (&d).to_string();
+    let f: &dyn Fn(i32) -> _ = &|x| x + x;
+    f(2);
+}