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add targeted help messages to zombie_processes diagnostic (#13760)

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Fixes #13748

Diagnostic for that issue with this change:
```
warning: spawned process is not `wait()`ed on in all code paths
   --> x.rs:167:19
    |
167 |     let mut cmd = cmd.unwrap();
    |                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^
    |
note: no `wait()` call exists on the code path to this early return
   --> x.rs:178:47
    |
178 |             std::io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => return Some(0),
    |                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
note: `wait()` call exists, but it is unreachable due to the early return
   --> x.rs:185:10
    |
185 |     Some(cmd.wait().unwrap().code().unwrap()) // <-- wait()!
    |          ^^^
    = help: consider calling `.wait()` in all code paths
    = note: not doing so might leave behind zombie processes
    = note: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning
```
Instead of saying "wait() is **never** called", it now says it's not
called by all code paths and points out the early return in particular.

changelog: none
This commit is contained in:
Manish Goregaokar 2024-12-02 18:42:42 +00:00 • committed by GitHub
commit df46e4cf13
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GPG key ID: B5690EEEBB952194
3 changed files with 292 additions and 107 deletions
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273
clippy_lints/src/zombie_processes.rs
View file

@ -2,13 +2,14 @@ use ControlFlow::{Break, Continue};
use clippy_utils::diagnostics::span_lint_and_then;
use clippy_utils::{fn_def_id, get_enclosing_block, match_any_def_paths, match_def_path, path_to_local_id, paths};
use rustc_ast::Mutability;
use rustc_ast::visit::visit_opt;
use rustc_errors::Applicability;
use rustc_hir::intravisit::{Visitor, walk_block, walk_expr, walk_local};
use rustc_hir::{Expr, ExprKind, HirId, LetStmt, Node, PatKind, Stmt, StmtKind};
use rustc_lint::{LateContext, LateLintPass};
use rustc_middle::hir::nested_filter;
use rustc_session::declare_lint_pass;
use rustc_span::sym;
use rustc_span::{Span, sym};
use std::ops::ControlFlow;
declare_clippy_lint! {
@ -22,6 +23,17 @@ declare_clippy_lint! {
/// which can eventually lead to resource exhaustion, so it's recommended to call `wait()` in long-running applications.
/// Such processes are called "zombie processes".
///
/// To reduce the rate of false positives, if the spawned process is assigned to a binding, the lint actually works the other way around; it
/// conservatively checks that all uses of a variable definitely don't call `wait()` and only then emits a warning.
/// For that reason, a seemingly unrelated use can get called out as calling `wait()` in help messages.
///
/// ### Control flow
/// If a `wait()` call exists in an if/then block but not in the else block (or there is no else block),
/// then this still gets linted as not calling `wait()` in all code paths.
/// Likewise, when early-returning from the function, `wait()` calls that appear after the return expression
/// are also not accepted.
/// In other words, the `wait()` call must be unconditionally reachable after the spawn expression.
///
/// ### Example
/// ```rust
/// use std::process::Command;
@ -53,26 +65,47 @@ impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for ZombieProcesses {
if let PatKind::Binding(_, local_id, ..) = local.pat.kind
&& let Some(enclosing_block) = get_enclosing_block(cx, expr.hir_id) =>
{
let mut vis = WaitFinder::WalkUpTo(cx, local_id);
let mut vis = WaitFinder {
cx,
local_id,
state: VisitorState::WalkUpToLocal,
early_return: None,
missing_wait_branch: None,
};
// If it does have a `wait()` call, we're done. Don't lint.
if let Break(BreakReason::WaitFound) = walk_block(&mut vis, enclosing_block) {
return;
}
let res = (
walk_block(&mut vis, enclosing_block),
vis.missing_wait_branch,
vis.early_return,
);
let cause = match res {
(Break(MaybeWait(wait_span)), _, Some(return_span)) => {
Cause::EarlyReturn { wait_span, return_span }
},
(Break(MaybeWait(_)), _, None) => return,
(Continue(()), None, _) => Cause::NeverWait,
(Continue(()), Some(MissingWaitBranch::MissingElse { if_span, wait_span }), _) => {
Cause::MissingElse { wait_span, if_span }
},
(Continue(()), Some(MissingWaitBranch::MissingWaitInBranch { branch_span, wait_span }), _) => {
Cause::MissingWaitInBranch { wait_span, branch_span }
},
};
// Don't emit a suggestion since the binding is used later
check(cx, expr, false);
check(cx, expr, cause, false);
},
Node::LetStmt(&LetStmt { pat, .. }) if let PatKind::Wild = pat.kind => {
// `let _ = child;`, also dropped immediately without `wait()`ing
check(cx, expr, true);
check(cx, expr, Cause::NeverWait, true);
},
Node::Stmt(&Stmt {
kind: StmtKind::Semi(_),
..
}) => {
// Immediately dropped. E.g. `std::process::Command::new("echo").spawn().unwrap();`
check(cx, expr, true);
check(cx, expr, Cause::NeverWait, true);
},
_ => {},
}
@ -80,21 +113,10 @@ impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for ZombieProcesses {
}
}
enum BreakReason {
WaitFound,
EarlyReturn,
}
struct MaybeWait(Span);
/// A visitor responsible for finding a `wait()` call on a local variable.
///
/// Conditional `wait()` calls are assumed to not call wait:
/// ```ignore
/// let mut c = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
/// if true {
/// c.wait();
/// }
/// ```
///
/// Note that this visitor does NOT explicitly look for `wait()` calls directly, but rather does the
/// inverse -- checking if all uses of the local are either:
/// - a field access (`child.{stderr,stdin,stdout}`)
@ -104,43 +126,50 @@ enum BreakReason {
///
/// None of these are sufficient to prevent zombie processes.
/// Doing it like this means more FNs, but FNs are better than FPs.
///
/// `return` expressions, conditional or not, short-circuit the visitor because
/// if a `wait()` call hadn't been found at that point, it might never reach one at a later point:
/// ```ignore
/// let mut c = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
/// if true {
/// return; // Break(BreakReason::EarlyReturn)
/// }
/// c.wait(); // this might not be reachable
/// ```
enum WaitFinder<'a, 'tcx> {
WalkUpTo(&'a LateContext<'tcx>, HirId),
Found(&'a LateContext<'tcx>, HirId),
struct WaitFinder<'a, 'tcx> {
cx: &'a LateContext<'tcx>,
local_id: HirId,
state: VisitorState,
early_return: Option<Span>,
// When joining two if branches where one of them doesn't call `wait()`, stores its span for more targetted help
// messages
missing_wait_branch: Option<MissingWaitBranch>,
}
#[derive(PartialEq)]
enum VisitorState {
WalkUpToLocal,
LocalFound,
}
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
enum MissingWaitBranch {
MissingElse { if_span: Span, wait_span: Span },
MissingWaitInBranch { branch_span: Span, wait_span: Span },
}
impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for WaitFinder<'_, 'tcx> {
type NestedFilter = nested_filter::OnlyBodies;
type Result = ControlFlow<BreakReason>;
type Result = ControlFlow<MaybeWait>;
fn visit_local(&mut self, l: &'tcx LetStmt<'tcx>) -> Self::Result {
if let Self::WalkUpTo(cx, local_id) = *self
if self.state == VisitorState::WalkUpToLocal
&& let PatKind::Binding(_, pat_id, ..) = l.pat.kind
&& local_id == pat_id
&& self.local_id == pat_id
{
*self = Self::Found(cx, local_id);
self.state = VisitorState::LocalFound;
}
walk_local(self, l)
}
fn visit_expr(&mut self, ex: &'tcx Expr<'tcx>) -> Self::Result {
let Self::Found(cx, local_id) = *self else {
if self.state != VisitorState::LocalFound {
return walk_expr(self, ex);
};
}
if path_to_local_id(ex, local_id) {
match cx.tcx.parent_hir_node(ex.hir_id) {
if path_to_local_id(ex, self.local_id) {
match self.cx.tcx.parent_hir_node(ex.hir_id) {
Node::Stmt(Stmt {
kind: StmtKind::Semi(_),
..
@ -148,29 +177,33 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for WaitFinder<'_, 'tcx> {
Node::Expr(expr) if let ExprKind::Field(..) = expr.kind => {},
Node::Expr(expr) if let ExprKind::AddrOf(_, Mutability::Not, _) = expr.kind => {},
Node::Expr(expr)
if let Some(fn_did) = fn_def_id(cx, expr)
&& match_any_def_paths(cx, fn_did, &[&paths::CHILD_ID, &paths::CHILD_KILL]).is_some() => {},
if let Some(fn_did) = fn_def_id(self.cx, expr)
&& match_any_def_paths(self.cx, fn_did, &[&paths::CHILD_ID, &paths::CHILD_KILL]).is_some() => {
},
// Conservatively assume that all other kinds of nodes call `.wait()` somehow.
_ => return Break(BreakReason::WaitFound),
_ => return Break(MaybeWait(ex.span)),
}
} else {
match ex.kind {
ExprKind::Ret(..) => return Break(BreakReason::EarlyReturn),
ExprKind::Ret(e) => {
visit_opt!(self, visit_expr, e);
if self.early_return.is_none() {
self.early_return = Some(ex.span);
}
return Continue(());
},
ExprKind::If(cond, then, None) => {
walk_expr(self, cond)?;
// A `wait()` call in an if expression with no else is not enough:
//
// let c = spawn();
// if true {
// c.wait();
// }
//
// This might not call wait(). However, early returns are propagated,
// because they might lead to a later wait() not being called.
if let Break(BreakReason::EarlyReturn) = walk_expr(self, then) {
return Break(BreakReason::EarlyReturn);
if let Break(MaybeWait(wait_span)) = walk_expr(self, then)
&& self.missing_wait_branch.is_none()
{
self.missing_wait_branch = Some(MissingWaitBranch::MissingElse {
if_span: ex.span,
wait_span,
});
}
return Continue(());
@ -179,22 +212,31 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for WaitFinder<'_, 'tcx> {
ExprKind::If(cond, then, Some(else_)) => {
walk_expr(self, cond)?;
#[expect(clippy::unnested_or_patterns)]
match (walk_expr(self, then), walk_expr(self, else_)) {
(Continue(()), Continue(()))
(Continue(()), Continue(())) => {},
// `wait()` in one branch but nothing in the other does not count
| (Continue(()), Break(BreakReason::WaitFound))
| (Break(BreakReason::WaitFound), Continue(())) => {},
// `wait()` in both branches is ok
(Break(BreakReason::WaitFound), Break(BreakReason::WaitFound)) => {
return Break(BreakReason::WaitFound);
(Continue(()), Break(MaybeWait(wait_span))) => {
if self.missing_wait_branch.is_none() {
self.missing_wait_branch = Some(MissingWaitBranch::MissingWaitInBranch {
branch_span: ex.span.shrink_to_lo().to(then.span),
wait_span,
});
}
},
(Break(MaybeWait(wait_span)), Continue(())) => {
if self.missing_wait_branch.is_none() {
self.missing_wait_branch = Some(MissingWaitBranch::MissingWaitInBranch {
branch_span: then.span.shrink_to_hi().to(else_.span),
wait_span,
});
}
},
// Propagate early returns in either branch
(Break(BreakReason::EarlyReturn), _) | (_, Break(BreakReason::EarlyReturn)) => {
return Break(BreakReason::EarlyReturn);
// `wait()` in both branches is ok
(Break(MaybeWait(wait_span)), Break(MaybeWait(_))) => {
self.missing_wait_branch = None;
return Break(MaybeWait(wait_span));
},
}
@ -208,8 +250,40 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for WaitFinder<'_, 'tcx> {
}
fn nested_visit_map(&mut self) -> Self::Map {
let (Self::Found(cx, _) | Self::WalkUpTo(cx, _)) = self;
cx.tcx.hir()
self.cx.tcx.hir()
}
}
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
enum Cause {
/// No call to `wait()` at all
NeverWait,
/// `wait()` call exists, but not all code paths definitely lead to one due to
/// an early return
EarlyReturn { wait_span: Span, return_span: Span },
/// `wait()` call exists in some if branches but not this one
MissingWaitInBranch { wait_span: Span, branch_span: Span },
/// `wait()` call exists in an if/then branch but it is missing an else block
MissingElse { wait_span: Span, if_span: Span },
}
impl Cause {
fn message(self) -> &'static str {
match self {
Cause::NeverWait => "spawned process is never `wait()`ed on",
Cause::EarlyReturn { .. } | Cause::MissingWaitInBranch { .. } | Cause::MissingElse { .. } => {
"spawned process is not `wait()`ed on in all code paths"
},
}
}
fn fallback_help(self) -> &'static str {
match self {
Cause::NeverWait => "consider calling `.wait()`",
Cause::EarlyReturn { .. } | Cause::MissingWaitInBranch { .. } | Cause::MissingElse { .. } => {
"consider calling `.wait()` in all code paths"
},
}
}
}
@ -220,7 +294,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for WaitFinder<'_, 'tcx> {
/// `let _ = <expr that spawns child>;`.
///
/// This checks if the program doesn't unconditionally exit after the spawn expression.
fn check<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, spawn_expr: &'tcx Expr<'tcx>, emit_suggestion: bool) {
fn check<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, spawn_expr: &'tcx Expr<'tcx>, cause: Cause, emit_suggestion: bool) {
let Some(block) = get_enclosing_block(cx, spawn_expr.hir_id) else {
return;
};
@ -234,27 +308,46 @@ fn check<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, spawn_expr: &'tcx Expr<'tcx>, emit_sugges
return;
}
span_lint_and_then(
cx,
ZOMBIE_PROCESSES,
spawn_expr.span,
"spawned process is never `wait()`ed on",
|diag| {
if emit_suggestion {
diag.span_suggestion(
spawn_expr.span.shrink_to_hi(),
"try",
".wait()",
Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
span_lint_and_then(cx, ZOMBIE_PROCESSES, spawn_expr.span, cause.message(), |diag| {
match cause {
Cause::EarlyReturn { wait_span, return_span } => {
diag.span_note(
return_span,
"no `wait()` call exists on the code path to this early return",
);
} else {
diag.note("consider calling `.wait()`");
}
diag.span_note(
wait_span,
"`wait()` call exists, but it is unreachable due to the early return",
);
},
Cause::MissingWaitInBranch { wait_span, branch_span } => {
diag.span_note(branch_span, "`wait()` is not called in this if branch");
diag.span_note(wait_span, "`wait()` is called in the other branch");
},
Cause::MissingElse { if_span, wait_span } => {
diag.span_note(
if_span,
"this if expression has a `wait()` call, but it is missing an else block",
);
diag.span_note(wait_span, "`wait()` called here");
},
Cause::NeverWait => {},
}
diag.note("not doing so might leave behind zombie processes")
.note("see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning");
},
);
if emit_suggestion {
diag.span_suggestion(
spawn_expr.span.shrink_to_hi(),
"try",
".wait()",
Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
);
} else {
diag.help(cause.fallback_help());
}
diag.note("not doing so might leave behind zombie processes")
.note("see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning");
});
}
/// Checks if the given expression exits the process.

41
tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
#![warn(clippy::zombie_processes)]
#![allow(clippy::if_same_then_else, clippy::ifs_same_cond)]
#![allow(clippy::if_same_then_else, clippy::ifs_same_cond, clippy::needless_return)]
use std::process::{Child, Command};
use std::process::{Child, Command, ExitStatus};
fn main() {
{
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn main() {
{
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
//~^ ERROR: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
//~^ zombie_processes
x.kill();
x.id();
}
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn main() {
}
{
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
//~^ ERROR: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
//~^ zombie_processes
let v = &x;
// (allow shared refs is fine because one cannot call `.wait()` through that)
}
@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ fn main() {
// It should assume that it might not exit and still lint
{
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
//~^ ERROR: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
//~^ zombie_processes
if true {
std::process::exit(0);
}
}
{
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
//~^ ERROR: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
//~^ zombie_processes
if true {
while false {}
// Calling `exit()` after leaving a while loop should still be linted.
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ fn main() {
{
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
//~^ ERROR: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
//~^ zombie_processes
if true {
return;
}
@ -106,12 +106,32 @@ fn main() {
{
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
//~^ ERROR: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
//~^ zombie_processes
if true {
x.wait().unwrap();
}
}
{
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
//~^ zombie_processes
if true {
x.wait().unwrap();
} else {
// this else block exists to test the other help message
}
}
{
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
//~^ zombie_processes
if true {
// this else block exists to test the other help message
} else {
x.wait().unwrap();
}
}
{
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
if true {
@ -143,3 +163,8 @@ fn main() {
fn process_child(c: Child) {
todo!()
}
fn return_wait() -> ExitStatus {
let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
return x.wait().unwrap();
}

85
tests/ui/zombie_processes.stderr
View file

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ error: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
LL | let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
= note: consider calling `.wait()`
= help: consider calling `.wait()`
= note: not doing so might leave behind zombie processes
= note: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning
= note: `-D clippy::zombie-processes` implied by `-D warnings`
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ error: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
LL | let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
= note: consider calling `.wait()`
= help: consider calling `.wait()`
= note: not doing so might leave behind zombie processes
= note: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ error: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
LL | let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
= note: consider calling `.wait()`
= help: consider calling `.wait()`
= note: not doing so might leave behind zombie processes
= note: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning
@ -36,29 +36,96 @@ error: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
LL | let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
= note: consider calling `.wait()`
= help: consider calling `.wait()`
= note: not doing so might leave behind zombie processes
= note: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning
error: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
error: spawned process is not `wait()`ed on in all code paths
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:99:21
|
LL | let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
= note: consider calling `.wait()`
note: no `wait()` call exists on the code path to this early return
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:102:13
|
LL | return;
| ^^^^^^
note: `wait()` call exists, but it is unreachable due to the early return
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:104:9
|
LL | x.wait().unwrap();
| ^
= help: consider calling `.wait()` in all code paths
= note: not doing so might leave behind zombie processes
= note: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning
error: spawned process is never `wait()`ed on
error: spawned process is not `wait()`ed on in all code paths
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:108:21
|
LL | let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
= note: consider calling `.wait()`
note: this if expression has a `wait()` call, but it is missing an else block
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:110:9
|
LL | / if true {
LL | | x.wait().unwrap();
LL | | }
| |_________^
note: `wait()` called here
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:111:13
|
LL | x.wait().unwrap();
| ^
= help: consider calling `.wait()` in all code paths
= note: not doing so might leave behind zombie processes
= note: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning
error: aborting due to 6 previous errors
error: spawned process is not `wait()`ed on in all code paths
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:116:21
|
LL | let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
note: `wait()` is not called in this if branch
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:120:10
|
LL | } else {
| __________^
LL | | // this else block exists to test the other help message
LL | | }
| |_________^
note: `wait()` is called in the other branch
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:119:13
|
LL | x.wait().unwrap();
| ^
= help: consider calling `.wait()` in all code paths
= note: not doing so might leave behind zombie processes
= note: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning
error: spawned process is not `wait()`ed on in all code paths
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:126:21
|
LL | let mut x = Command::new("").spawn().unwrap();
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
note: `wait()` is not called in this if branch
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:128:9
|
LL | / if true {
LL | | // this else block exists to test the other help message
LL | | } else {
| |_________^
note: `wait()` is called in the other branch
--> tests/ui/zombie_processes.rs:131:13
|
LL | x.wait().unwrap();
| ^
= help: consider calling `.wait()` in all code paths
= note: not doing so might leave behind zombie processes
= note: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/process/struct.Child.html#warning
error: aborting due to 8 previous errors