Transition liballoc to Rust 2018
This transitions liballoc to Rust 2018 edition and applies relevant idiom lints.
I also did a small bit of drive-by cleanup along the way.
r? @oli-obk
I started with liballoc since it seemed easiest. In particular, adding `edition = "2018"` to libcore gave me way too many errors due to stdsimd. Ideally we should be able to continue this crate-by-crate until all crates use 2018.
Implement Weak::{strong_count, weak_count}
The counters are also useful on `Weak`, not just on strong references (`Rc` or `Arc`).
In situations where there are still strong references around, you can also get these counts by temporarily upgrading and adjusting the values accordingly. Using the methods introduced here is simpler to do, less error-prone (since you can't forget to adjust the counts), can also be used when no strong references are around anymore, and might be more efficient due to not having to temporarily create an `Rc`.
This is mainly useful in assertions or tests of complex data structures. Data structures might have internal invariants that make them the sole owner of a `Weak` pointer, and an assertion on the weak count could be used to ensure that this indeed happens as expected. Due to the presence of `Weak::upgrade`, the `strong_count` becomes less useful, but it still seems worthwhile to mirror the API of `Rc`.
TODO:
* [X] Tracking issue - https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57977
Closes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/50158
Kill remaining uses of mem::uninitialized in libcore, liballoc
Kill remaining uses of mem::uninitialized in libcore and liballoc, and enable a lint that will warn when uses are added again in the future.
To avoid casting raw pointers around (which is always very dangerous because it is not typechecked at all -- it doesn't even get the "same size" sanity check that `transmute` gets), I also added two new functions to `MaybeUninit`:
```rust
/// Get a pointer to the first contained values.
pub fn first_ptr(this: &[MaybeUninit<T>]) -> *const T {
this as *const [MaybeUninit<T>] as *const T
}
/// Get a mutable pointer to the first contained values.
pub fn first_mut_ptr(this: &mut [MaybeUninit<T>]) -> *mut T {
this as *mut [MaybeUninit<T>] as *mut T
}
```
I changed some of the existing code to use array-of-`MaybeUninit` instead of `MaybeUninit`-of-array, successfully removing raw pointer casts there as well.
Improve Box<T> -> Pin<Box<T>> conversion
I found the `From` trait conversion for this very hard to find, having a named function for it is much more discoverable. Also fixes#56256 as I need that in the place I'm using this.
Has a placeholder tracking issue, will file an issue once I get feedback.
box: Add documentation for `From` impls
This is a part of #51430. A brief description of the behaviour and examples are added to the documentation.
I am not sure what sort of examples to put for the `From` for `Pin` as my [code](https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=debug&edition=2015&gist=97c908f44e41c9faeffec5b61d72a03e) doesn't even manage to compile using the nightly build.
Somehow I feel that I missed out something so do let me know if more information is needed in the documentation or any of the examples require change.
Pin stabilization
This implements the changes suggested in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/55766#issue-378417538 and stabilizes the `pin` feature. @alexcrichton also listed several "blockers" in that issue, but then in [this comment](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/55766#issuecomment-445074980) mentioned that they're more "TODO items":
> In that vein I think it's fine for a stabilization PR to be posted at any time now with FCP lapsed for a week or so now. The final points about self/pin/pinned can be briefly discussed there (if even necessary, they could be left as the proposal above).
Let's settle these last bits here and get this thing stabilized! :)
r? @alexcrichton
cc @withoutboats
