This commit adds a new entry to the Travis matrix which will execute emscripten
test suites. Along the way it updates a few bits of the test suite to continue
passing on emscripten, such as:
* Ignoring i128/u128 tests as they're presumably just not working (didn't
investigate as to why)
* Disabling a few process tests (not working on emscripten)
* Ignore some num tests in libstd (#39119)
* Fix some warnings when compiling
