Add tables of small powers of ten used in the fast path. The tables are redundant: We could also use the big, more accurate table and round the value to the correct type (in fact we did just that before this commit). However, the rounding is extra work and slows down the fast path.
Because only very small exponents enter the fast path, the table and thus the space overhead is negligible. Speed-wise, this is a clear win on a [benchmark] comparing the fast path to a naive, hand-optimized, inaccurate algorithm. Specifically, this change narrows the gap from a roughly 5x difference to a roughly 3.4x difference.
[benchmark]: https://gist.github.com/Veedrac/dbb0c07994bc7882098e
Move private bignum module to core::num, because it is not only used in flt2dec.
Extract private 80-bit soft-float into new core::num module for the same reason.
This commit primarily adds implementations of the algorithms from William
Clinger's paper "How to Read Floating Point Numbers Accurately". It also
includes a lot of infrastructure necessary for those algorithms, and some
unit tests.
Since these algorithms reject a few (extreme) inputs that were previously
accepted, this could be seen as a [breaking-change]
