incr.comp.: Implement query result cache and use it to cache type checking tables.
This is a spike implementation of caching more than LLVM IR and object files when doing incremental compilation. At the moment, only the `typeck_tables_of` query is cached but MIR and borrow-check will follow shortly. The feature is activated by running with `-Zincremental-queries` in addition to `-Zincremental`, it is not yet active by default.
r? @nikomatsakis
02eed2e9a5