Use hir::ItemLocalId as keys in TypeckTables.
This PR makes `TypeckTables` use `ItemLocalId` instead of `NodeId` as key. This is needed for incremental compilation -- for stable hashing and for being able to persist and reload these tables. The PR implements the most important part of https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/40303.
Some notes on the implementation:
* The PR adds the `HirId` to HIR nodes where needed (`Expr`, `Local`, `Block`, `Pat`) which obviates the need to store a `NodeId -> HirId` mapping in crate metadata. Thanks @eddyb for the suggestion! In the future the `HirId` should completely replace the `NodeId` in HIR nodes.
* Before something is read or stored in one of the various `TypeckTables` subtables, the entry's key is validated via the new `TypeckTables::validate_hir_id()` method. This makes sure that we are not mixing information from different items in a single table.
That last part could be made a bit nicer by either (a) new-typing the table-key and making `validate_hir_id()` the only way to convert a `HirId` to the new-typed key, or (b) just encapsulate sub-table access a little better. This PR, however, contents itself with not making things significantly worse.
Also, there's quite a bit of switching around between `NodeId`, `HirId`, and `DefIndex`. These conversions are cheap except for `HirId -> NodeId`, so if the valued reviewer finds such an instance in a performance critical place, please let me know.
Ideally we convert more and more code from `NodeId` to `HirId` in the future so that there are no more `NodeId`s after HIR lowering anywhere. Then the amount of switching should be minimal again.
r? @eddyb, maybe?
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