Make `CloneToUninit` dyn-compatible
Make `CloneToUninit` dyn-compatible, by making `clone_to_uninit`'s `dst` parameter `*mut u8` instead of `*mut Self`, so the method does not reference `Self` except in the `self` parameter and is thus dispatchable from a trait object.
This allows, among other things, adding `CloneToUninit` as a supertrait bound for `trait Foo` to allow cloning `dyn Foo` in some containers. Currently, this means that `Rc::make_mut` and `Arc::make_mut` can work with `dyn Foo` where `trait Foo: CloneToUninit`.
<details><summary>Example</summary>
```rs
#![feature(clone_to_uninit)]
use std::clone::CloneToUninit;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::borrow::BorrowMut;
trait Foo: BorrowMut<u32> + CloneToUninit + Debug {}
impl<T: BorrowMut<u32> + CloneToUninit + Debug> Foo for T {}
fn main() {
let foo: Rc<dyn Foo> = Rc::new(42_u32);
let mut bar = foo.clone();
*Rc::make_mut(&mut bar).borrow_mut() = 37;
dbg!(foo, bar); // 42, 37
}
```
</details>
Eventually, `Box::<T>::clone` is planned to be converted to use `T::clone_to_uninit`, which when combined with this change, will allow cloning `Box<dyn Foo>` where `trait Foo: CloneToUninit` without any additional `unsafe` code for the author of `trait Foo`.[^1]
This PR should have no stable side-effects, as `CloneToUninit` is unstable so cannot be mentioned on stable, and `CloneToUninit` is not used as a supertrait anywhere in the stdlib.
This change removes some length checks that could only fail if library UB was already hit (e.g. calling `<[T]>::clone_to_uninit` with a too-small-length `dst` is library UB and was previously detected[^2]; since `dst` does not have a length anymore, this now cannot be detected[^3]).
r? libs-api
-----
I chose to make the parameter `*mut u8` instead of `*mut ()` because that might make it simpler to pass the result of `alloc` to `clone_to_uninit`, but `*mut ()` would also make sense, and any `*mut ConcreteType` would *work*. The original motivation for [using specifically `*mut ()`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/116113#discussion_r1335303908) appears to be `std::ptr::from_raw_parts_mut`, but that now [takes `*mut impl Thin`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/ptr/fn.from_raw_parts.html) instead of `*mut ()`. I have another branch where the parameter is `*mut ()`, if that is preferred.
It *could* also take something like `&mut [MaybeUninit<u8>]` to be dyn-compatible but still allow size-checking and in some cases safe writing, but this is already an `unsafe` API where misuse is UB, so I'm not sure how many guardrails it's worth adding here, and `&mut [MaybeUninit<u8>]` might be overly cumbersome to construct for callers compared to `*mut u8`
[^1]: Note that `impl<T: CloneToUninit + ?Sized> Clone for Box` must be added before or at the same time as when `CloneToUninit` becomes stable, due to `Box` being `#[fundamental]`, as if there is any stable gap between the stabilization of `CloneToUninit` and `impl<T: CloneToUninit + ?Sized> Clone for Box`, then users could implement both `CloneToUninit for dyn LocalTrait` and separately `Clone for Box<dyn LocalTrait>` during that gap, and be broken by the introduction of `impl<T: CloneToUninit + ?Sized> Clone for Box`.
[^2]: Using a `debug_assert_eq` in [`core::clone::uninit::CopySpec::clone_slice`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/src/core/clone/uninit.rs.html#28).
[^3]: This PR just uses [the metadata (length) from `self`](e0c1c8bc50/library/core/src/clone.rs (L286)) to construct the `*mut [T]` to pass to `CopySpec::clone_slice` in `<[T]>::clone_to_uninit`.
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