Implemented const casts of raw pointers
This adds `as_mut()` method for `*const T` and `as_const()` for `*mut T`
which are intended to make casting of consts safer. This was discussed
in the [internals discussion][discussion].
Given that this is a simple change and multiple people agreed to it including `@RalfJung` I decided to go ahead and open the PR.
[discussion]: https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/casting-constness-can-be-risky-heres-a-simple-fix/15933
295ef3a336