rustdoc: port the -C option from rustc
Blocked on https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49864. The included test won't work without those changes, so this PR includes those commits as well.
When documenting items that require certain target features, it helps to be able to force those target features into existence. Rather than include a flag just to parse those features, i instead decided to port the `-C` flag from rustc in its entirety. It takes the same parameters, because it runs through the same parsing function. This has the added benefit of being able to control the codegen of doctests as well.
One concern i have with the flag is that i set it to stable here. My rationale is that it is a direct port of functionality on rustc that is currently stable, used only in mechanisms that it is originally used for. If needed, i can set it back to be unstable.
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