Tweak type inference for `const` operands in inline asm
Previously these would be treated like integer literals and default to `i32` if a type could not be determined. To allow for forward-compatibility with `str` constants in the future, this PR changes type inference to use an unbound type variable instead.
The actual type checking is deferred until after typeck where we still ensure that the final type for the `const` operand is an integer type.
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