cg_llvm: Assert that LLVM range-attribute values don't exceed 128 bits
The underlying implementation of `LLVMCreateConstantRangeAttribute` assumes that each of `LowerWords` and `UpperWords` points to enough u64 values to define an integer of the specified bit-length, and will encounter UB if that is not the case.
Our safe wrapper function always passes pointers to `[u64; 2]` arrays, regardless of the bit-length specified. That's fine in practice, because scalar primitives never exceed 128 bits, but it is technically a soundness hole in a safe function.
We can close the soundness hole by explicitly asserting `size_bits <= 128`. This is effectively just a stricter version of the existing check that the value must be small enough to fit in `c_uint`.
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This is a narrower version of the fix in rust-lang/rust#145846.
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