Add `ParseMode::Diagnostic` and fix multiline spans in diagnostic attribute lints
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The first commit is a test, the commits following that are small refactors to `rustc_parse_format`. Originally I wanted to do a much larger change (doing these smaller fixes first would have that made easier to review), but ended up doing something else instead.
An observable change from this is that the diagnostic attribute no longer tries to parse align/fill/width/etc parameters. For an example (see also test changes), a string like `"{Self:!}"` no longer says "missing '}'", instead it says that format parameters are not allowed. It'll now also format the string as if the user wrote just `"{Self}"`
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