This PR rewrites the code that previously relied on `PATH_MAX`.
On my tests, even though the user gives the buffer length explicitly, both Linux's glibc and OS X's libc seems to obey the hard limit of `PATH_MAX` internally. So, to truly remove the limitation of `PATH_MAX`, the related system calls should be rewritten from scratch in Rust, which this PR does not try to do.
However, eliminating the need of `PATH_MAX` is still a good idea for various reasons, such as: (1) they might change the implementation in the future, and (2) some platforms don't have a hard-coded `PATH_MAX`, such as GNU Hurd.
More details are in the commit messages.
Fixes#27454.
r? @alexcrichton
79dd92fc16