Add support for `const unsafe? extern fn`
This works just as you might expect - an `const extern fn` is a `const fn` that is callable from foreign code.
Currently, panicking is not allowed in `const`s. When https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2345 (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/51999) is stabilized, then panicking in an `const extern fn` will produce a compile-time error when invoked at compile time, and an abort when invoked at runtime.
Since this is extending the language (we're allowing the `const` keyword in a new context), I believe that this will need an FCP. However, it's a very minor change, so I didn't think that filing an RFC was necessary.
This will allow libc (and other FFI crates) to make many functions `const`, without having to give up on making them `extern` as well.
Tracking issue: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/64926.
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