Introduce `AliasKind::Inherent` for inherent associated types
Allows us to check (possibly generic) inherent associated types for well-formedness.
Type inference now also works properly.
Follow-up to #105961. Supersedes #108430.
Fixes#106722.
Fixes#108957.
Fixes#109768.
Fixes#109789.
Fixes#109790.
~Not to be merged before #108860 (`AliasKind::Weak`).~
CC `@jackh726`
r? `@compiler-errors`
`@rustbot` label T-types F-inherent_associated_types