Move Error trait into core
This PR moves the error trait from the standard library into a new unstable `error` module within the core library. The goal of this PR is to help unify error reporting across the std and no_std ecosystems, as well as open the door to integrating the error trait into the panic reporting system when reporting panics whose source is an errors (such as via `expect`).
This PR is a rewrite of https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/90328 using new compiler features that have been added to support error in core.