Short-circuiting internal iteration with Iterator::try_fold & try_rfold
These are the core methods in terms of which the other methods (`fold`, `all`, `any`, `find`, `position`, `nth`, ...) can be implemented, allowing Iterator implementors to get the full goodness of internal iteration by only overriding one method (per direction).
Based off the `Try` trait, so works with both `Result` and `Option` (🎉https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/42526). The `try_fold` rustdoc examples use `Option` and the `try_rfold` ones use `Result`.
AKA continuing in the vein of PRs https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/44682 & https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/44856 for more of `Iterator`.
New bench following the pattern from the latter of those:
```
test iter::bench_take_while_chain_ref_sum ... bench: 1,130,843 ns/iter (+/- 25,110)
test iter::bench_take_while_chain_sum ... bench: 362,530 ns/iter (+/- 391)
```
I also ran the benches without the `fold` & `rfold` overrides to test their new default impls, with basically no change. I left them there, though, to take advantage of existing overrides and because `AlwaysOk` has some sub-optimality due to https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/43278 (which 45225 should fix).
If you're wondering why there are three type parameters, see issue https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/45462
Thanks for @bluss for the [original IRLO thread](https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/pre-rfc-fold-ok-is-composable-internal-iteration/4434) and the rfold PR and to @cuviper for adding so many folds, [encouraging me](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/45379#issuecomment-339424670) to make this PR, and finding a catastrophic bug in a pre-review.
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