Constify `SystemTime` methods
This is separated out from rust-lang/rust#143949 due to the fact that it touches nontrivial system code. While the same arithmetic methods on `Instant` could be made const, since that type explicitly cannot be constructed at const-time, we don't bother. However, due to the fact that `SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH` exists, it can be useful to create other anchors at other points in time, and thus these methods should be possible to use in const context.
> Side comment: I would honestly like to just move every single implementation which is a thin wrapper over `Duration` or some integer clock into their own module which is tested on all targets, so that we don't have to worry about code for lower-tier targets not being tested. However, the comments in `std::sys_common` pointing out the desire to move things to `std::sys::common` confused me, particularly due to the fact that `std::sys::common` is taken from the hellish asterisk-import of `std::sys::pal::common` and others.
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> I think that, for trivial types like this, we should just have a platform-independent module that can be tested on all platforms, to both ensure that the code is properly tested regardless of whether higher-tier platforms needed, and to avoid the extreme mental gymnastics required to determine where in the code it lies.
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> However, since I'm not on any of the teams maintaining this code and am not involved, I'll settle for just copy-pasting like everyone else has been doing. I just want to express how I'm not happy about that.
**Reviewer note: please only pay attention to the last commit of this PR, until its blocker is merged.**
Since this depends on the previous PR:
`@rustbot` blocked
bd2db284fd