Add `overflow_checks` intrinsic
This adds an intrinsic which allows code in a pre-built library to inherit the overflow checks option from a crate depending on it. This enables code in the standard library to explicitly change behavior based on whether `overflow_checks` are enabled, regardless of the setting used when standard library was compiled.
This is very similar to the `ub_checks` intrinsic, and refactors the two to use a common mechanism.
The primary use case for this is to allow the new `RangeFrom` iterator to yield the maximum element before overflowing, as requested [here](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/125687#issuecomment-2151118208). This PR includes a working `IterRangeFrom` implementation based on this new intrinsic that exhibits the desired behavior.
[Prior discussion on Zulip](https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/219381-t-libs/topic/Ability.20to.20select.20code.20based.20on.20.60overflow_checks.60.3F)
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