Fix rustdoc ICE on bad typedef with mismatching types
Fixes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/106226.
Fixes#105742.
Fixes#105737.
Fixes#105334.
Fixes#96287.
In this case, it's ok to replace the panic with `rustc_error::raise` because the compiler provided us with a `Error`.
r? `@notriddle`