tests: Port `symbol-mangling-hashed` to rmake.rs
Part of #121876.
This PR supersedes #128567 and is co-authored with `@lolbinarycat.`
### Summary
This PR ports `tests/run-make/symbol-mangling-hashed` to rmake.rs. Notable differences when compared to the Makefile version includes:
- It's no longer limited to linux + x86_64 only. In particular, this now is exercised on darwin and windows (esp. msvc) too.
- The test uses `object` crate to be more precise in the filtering, and avoids relying on parsing the human-readable `nm` output for *some* `nm` in the given environment (which isn't really a thing on msvc anyway, and `llvm-nm` doesn't handle msvc dylibs AFAICT).
- Dump the symbols satisfying various criteria on test failure to make it hopefully less of a pain to debug if it ever fails in CI.
### Review advice
- Best reviewed commit-by-commit.
- I'm not *super* sure about the msvc logic, would benefit from a MSVC (PE/COFF) expert taking a look.
---
try-job: x86_64-msvc-1
try-job: i686-msvc-1
try-job: i686-mingw
try-job: x86_64-mingw-1
try-job: x86_64-apple-1
try-job: aarch64-apple
try-job: test-various
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